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Poliomyelitis, commonly known as polio, is a highly infectious viral disease caused by the poliovirus, which primarily affects young children but can also strike unvaccinated adults. The virus spreads predominantly through the fecal-oral route, often due to inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene. Once in the body, poliovirus invades the nervous system, leading to potentially severe complications, including paralysis and muscle weakness. The disease manifests in various forms, with most infections being asymptomatic; however, approximately one in four infected individuals may exhibit mild symptoms such as fever, fatigue, headache, and sore throat. In a subset of cases, known as paralytic polio, the virus attacks motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain, leading to flaccid paralysis, which can affect one or more limbs or even involve the respiratory muscles, necessitating mechanical ventilation. The extent of paralysis can vary, with some individuals experiencing complete recovery while others may suffer long-term disabilities or even death. The global effort to eradicate polio, driven by widespread vaccination campaigns using inactivated poliovirus (IPV) and oral poliovirus vaccines (OPV), has significantly reduced the incidence of the disease worldwide. The World Health Organization has recognized the importance of maintaining high vaccination coverage to prevent resurgence. Although polio cases have declined by over 99% since the 1980s, the virus continues to pose a risk in regions with low immunization rates and among communities that refuse vaccination. The legacy of polio also encompasses post-polio syndrome, a condition that can emerge decades after the initial infection, characterized by new muscle weakness, fatigue, and pain. To address this public health challenge, intensive surveillance systems are essential for early detection of poliovirus transmission and for guiding vaccination strategies. Additionally, global health initiatives emphasize community engagement, education about the importance of vaccination, and the need for equitable access to immunization services. As long as polio exists anywhere, it remains a threat everywhere, highlighting the necessity for vigilant public health response measures and commitment to achieving a polio-free world. The integration of polio eradication efforts with routine immunization programs further strengthens the prevention of poliovirus along with other vaccine-preventable diseases. Continued innovation in vaccine technology and strategic partnerships among international organizations, governments, and local communities are crucial in sustaining progress toward the goal of complete eradication of poliomyelitis. In sum, although significant strides have been made against polio, ongoing vigilance and a comprehensive approach are essential to eliminate this debilitating disease and prevent future outbreaks while safeguarding the health of vulnerable populations across the globe.